Why the Arabs Moved the Egyptian Capital from Alexandria to Cairo: Strategic and Cultural Shifts of the Seventh Century

The move of Egypt's capital from Alexandria to Cairo during the Arab conquest in the 7th century was a pivotal shift in the city's history, influenced by both strategic and cultural factors. This article delves into the reasons for this migration and examines how Cairo became the new center of governance and culture for the region.

Strategic Location (H2)

Cairo's Founding and Its Strategic Importance: Cairo, originally founded in 969 AD by the Fatimid Caliphate, assumed a central role due to its strategic location near the Nile River. Unlike Alexandria, which was closer to the Mediterranean, Cairo provided better access to the Nile's rich trade routes. Its proximity to the river also made it more accessible for administrative and governance purposes, especially in the context of a vast and fertile river basin.

Political Control (H2)

Consolidation of Islamic Power: Alexandria, a historically significant Greek city, did not align with the new political reality under Islamic rule. While Alexandria had been a major center for trade and culture for centuries, its Greek roots and diverse population made it less suitable for establishing a new capital reflecting Islamic authority. Cairo, on the other hand, was founded as a new capital, ensuring the consolidation of Islamic power and control over Egypt.

Population Dynamics (H2)

Decline of Alexandria and Rise of Cairo: Alexandria had experienced a significant decline due to various factors, including economic issues and the waning influence of Rome. This decline left a void in the region, which Cairo was designed to fill. As a newly established city, Cairo was strategically planned to attract Muslim populations and establish a new order that would support the new ruling dynasty.

Cultural and Religious Significance (H2)

Islamic Culture and Learning: Cairo rapidly became a central hub for Islamic culture and learning. Institutions such as Al-Azhar University, one of the oldest universities in the world, emerged as a bastion of scholarship. The shift to Cairo represented a new era of governance and cultural identity, making it a more suitable capital for the Islamic rulers than Alexandria ever was.

The Role of Amr ibn al-As (H2)

Amr ibn al-As' Suggestion: Amr ibn al-As, the conqueror of Egypt, initially suggested Alexandria as a potential capital in a letter to the caliph. However, this suggestion was rejected due to strategic reasons. The Arabs, having recently entered the Mediterranean where Roman naval power was formidable, needed a location that could protect them from potential threats.

Fustat: An Early Military Base (H2)

Strategic Importance of Fustat: Fustat, the initial military base that would become part of Cairo, provided a safer location compared to Alexandria. By choosing a site closer to what would become Cairo, the early rulers ensured a strategic advantage. This move was not only practical but also ensured a safer environment for establishing a new capital.

Conclusion (H2)

The shift from Alexandria to Cairo was a significant turning point in Egypt’s history, reflecting the changing dynamics of power and cultural identity under Islamic rule. Cairo's strategic location, political consolidation, and cultural significance collectively contributed to its rise as the new capital, ensuring its prominence for centuries to come.

For further reading on this topic, explore the rich history of these ancient cities and the changing governance of the region.