Why Moscow Became the Capital of Russia: A Historical Depth

The city of Moscow, often overshadowed by its sibling Saint-Petersburg, is the capital of Russia and a city rich in history and culture. While Saint-Petersburg is known for its grandeur, elegance, and its emblematic Peter the Great, Moscow holds a unique position in the hearts of Russians and the world due to its historical significance in the formation of the Russian state. In this article, we explore the reasons why Moscow became the capital of Russia and delve into its fascinating history.

The Formation of Moscow as a Major City

Moscow’s history dates back to 1147 when Prince Yuri Dolgoruky founded it as a small wooden fortification. Initially, it was not a significant settlement, but its strategic location at the confluence of the Moskva River and the Neglinnaya River made it an attractive spot for trade and commerce. This location proved to be crucial in shaping the future of the city.

The Mongol Invasion (1237-1240)

During the Mongol invasion, led by Batu Khan, many cities in Russia were devastated, including Kiev, which was then the capital of Kievan Rus. Moscow, however, survived and eventually became a vassal state of the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate. This period was a turning point in Moscow’s history, as it began to establish its autonomy and grow in importance.

The Rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (1263-1328)

After the Mongol invasion, Moscow’s strategic location and economic importance grew. In 1263, Prince Daniel of Moscow, a descendant of Yuri Dolgoruky, declared Moscow’s independence from the Golden Horde. Over time, the power and influence of Moscow expanded, and it became the center of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. This era laid the foundation for Moscow to become the capital of Russia.

The Orthodox Church (1328)

In 1328, the Metropolitan of Kiev moved his residence from Kiev to Moscow. This move further solidified Moscow’s status as a major cultural and religious center. The Orthodox Church played a crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural identity of the city, contributing to its growth and development.

The Reign of Ivan III (1462-1505)

Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great, played a crucial role in Moscow’s rise to prominence. He declared Moscow’s independence from the Golden Horde, annexed neighboring principalities, and introduced a new code of laws that helped to centralize power and create a unified Russian state. He also built the Kremlin, which became the seat of Russian power. This period saw the consolidation of Moscow’s position as the capital of Russia.

The Formal Transfer of the Capital (1328, 1547)

Although the transfer of the capital occurred officially in 1328 when Ivan III chose Moscow as the seat of the Grand Duchy, an even more significant event took place in 1547 when Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, officially made Moscow the capital of the Tsardom of Russia. This event marked the official recognition of Moscow as the capital of Russia.

Over time, Moscow continued to grow in importance. Today, it is not only the capital of Russia but also a global city known for its rich history, cultural heritage, and modern architecture. The city has weathered numerous challenges and remains a symbol of Russian strength and resilience.

While Saint-Petersburg is a magnificent city with its own charm and history, Moscow’s role as the capital of Russia is well-deserved. Its historical significance, cultural heritage, and modern developments make it a city that is essential to the identity of Russia.