The Pharisaic Background of Paul: A Closer Look in Philippians and Acts

Paul, one of the key figures in the early Christian church, was not only a convert to Christianity but also a prominent Pharisee. His background as a Pharisee is intricately connected to his later ministry and missionary work. In his epistle to the Philippians, as well as in the Book of Acts, Paul explicitly mentions his Pharisaic past. This article delves into these texts, examining the context and significance of his Pharisaic identity.

What is the Record in Philippians?

In Philippians 3:5-6, Paul references his credentials. He states:

“For we know that the law is good if one uses it properly. We know that it does not intend to crush us, but if we do the things it commands, it will bring peace and godliness to us. But as for me, I consider everything a loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord. For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as rubbish, that I may gain Christ and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but that which is through faith in Christ—the righteousness that comes from God and is by faith.

However, it is worth noting that the text does not explicitly mention his Pharisaic status. Instead, Paul focuses on his spiritual journey and transformation. Nonetheless, his Pharisaic background is crucial to understanding his later work.

Explicit References in Acts

For a clearer picture, it is necessary to look at the historical accounts provided in the Book of Acts. Here, we find several references to Paul’s Pharisaic identity:

Acts 23:6

“Then Paul, knowing that some were Sadducees and some Pharisees, called out in the Sanhedrin, ‘Brothers, I am a Pharisee too, the son of a Pharisee. My hope is based on my belief in the resurrection of the dead.’”

This verse clearly states that Paul was recognized by some in the Sanhedrin as a Pharisee. He further clarifies that his belief in the resurrection of the dead supports his Pharisaic identity.

Acts 22:3

“I am a Hebrew born in Tarsus of Cilicia, but I was brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel and was thoroughly trained in the Law according to the strict requirements of the Pharisees.”

Here, Paul explicitly states his Pharisaic affiliation and rigorous Jewish education under Gamaliel.

Acts 26:4-5

“The Jews who are here know about my way of life from my youth until now, how I have constantly made offerings according to the Law of our fathers at Jerusalem, and how I have been zealously persecuting the church of God until I was given the vision on the road. And now, I am standing here testifying to both the small and the great, and saying nothing but what the prophets and Moses said would come—that the Christ must suffer and that he must rise from the dead, and that this Jesus, whom I am proclaiming to you, is the Christ.’”

In this passage, Paul recounts his journey from persecuting the church to becoming one of its leaders, emphasizing his Pharisaic background and strict adherence to the Law.

Conclusion

The records in Philippians and Acts provide a comprehensive understanding of Paul’s Pharisaic background. While Philippians offers a more internal, spiritual perspective, Acts provides historical context and direct evidence of his Pharisaic identity. It is important to recognize that Paul’s Pharisaic identity influenced his later ministry and his interactions with both Jews and Gentiles in the early Christian church.

Keywords: Paul, Pharisee, Philippians, Acts, Jewish Religion