The Evolution of 'Barbarian' in Ancient Greek Culture

In ancient Greek culture, the term 'barbarian,' originating from the Greek word barbaros, initially referred to anyone who was non-Greek. It was used to describe people whose languages sounded incomprehensible to the Greeks, essentially those who did not speak Greek. Over time, this term took on a more negative connotation, reflecting a broader cultural hierarchy with the Greeks as the epitome of civilization and culture.

Initial Usage: Linguistic Difference

Initially, the term 'barbarian' was not strictly about cultural sophistication but rather linguistic difference. Any non-Greek speaker, such as the Persians, Scythians, or Egyptians, could be labeled as a barbarian simply because they did not speak Greek. This linguistic distinction was the primary criterion, highlighting a cultural and linguistic divide rather than a difference in societal or cultural organization.

Cultural Connotation: Development During the Classical Period

As Greek civilization developed, particularly during the Classical period, the term 'barbarian' began to carry a stronger connotation of cultural inferiority. This shift was reinforced by historical events such as the Greco-Persian Wars, where the Greeks, especially the Athenians and Spartans, viewed the Persian Empire as a symbol of despotism and tyranny in contrast to their ideals of democracy and freedom.

Persians as Barbarians

The Persians, despite having a sophisticated and powerful empire with significant cultural achievements, were often considered barbarians by the Greeks. This perception was particularly evident during and after the Persian Wars (5th century BCE). Greek historians like Herodotus documented Persian customs, but the overarching narrative often emphasized their foreignness and the perceived differences in governance and lifestyle.

The Transition to Cultural Superiority

The transition from a neutral term for non-Greeks to one denoting cultural inferiority likely occurred gradually, influenced by historical events, philosophical ideas, and the Greeks' self-identity. By the time of later Greek philosophers and historians, the term was firmly associated with a sense of cultural superiority among the Greeks. This shift was particularly pronounced in their interactions with powerful empires like Persia, which were simultaneously recognized for their sophistication yet still labeled as barbaric due to their non-Greek identity.

Summary

In summary, although all non-Greeks could initially be called barbarians simply for their linguistic differences, the term evolved to imply a cultural hierarchy with Greeks viewing themselves as superior. This shift became particularly pronounced in their interactions with powerful empires like Persia, where significant cultural achievements did not preclude the label of barbarian due to non-Greek identity.