Reservation Systems Around the World: An Overview

Reservation systems are social and economic policies designed to provide affirmative action for historically disadvantaged groups. These groups often face significant discrimination and face challenges in accessing various opportunities, including education and employment. This article provides an overview of the reservation systems in different regions and countries around the world, highlighting their significance and impact on these communities.

Introduction

The concept of reservation systems is rooted in the principle of providing equal opportunity and fighting against discrimination based on social or economic status. This approach is prevalent in several countries as a form of affirmative action to address historical and contemporary inequalities.

Reservation in Native American Communities

Red Indians of the USA

The Native American communities in the United States, commonly referred to as Red Indians or Native Americans, have unique reservation systems rooted in historical treaties. These reservations are designated areas of land, typically large, where Native Americans live and have some level of sovereignty recognized by the federal government. While the reservation system offers certain protections and resources, it does not fully address the systemic issues faced by these communities. The U.S. government has implemented several policies aimed at addressing inequalities, including affirmative action in education and employment.

Reservation in Polynesia and Australia

Polynesians of New Zealand

In New Zealand, the Polynesian community, including the Māori, has implemented a form of affirmative action known as the "kapa haka" system, which is similar to reservations. This system ensures that Māori are given preference in accessing public services, education, and cultural opportunities. The Māori community has been historically marginalized, and these policies aim to reverse the historical injustices and provide them with equal access.

Aborigians of Australia

In Australia, indigenous groups, particularly the Aborigians, also benefit from reservation-like systems. The Australian government has established indigenous reserves, which are areas of land where indigenous people can live and have certain rights. Additionally, Australia has implemented affirmative action policies in education and employment to address the historical and ongoing discrimination faced by indigenous Australians.

Reservation in India and Other Gulf Nations

Dalits of India

India has one of the most extensive reservation systems globally, aimed at providing affirmative action for historically discriminated groups, including Dalits (formerly known as Untouchables). The reservation policy in India reserves a certain percentage of government jobs, educational admissions, and other opportunities for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). This system is a significant effort to address the centuries-old discrimination faced by these communities.

Others: Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Gulf Nations

Several Gulf nations, including Oman and Saudi Arabia, have implemented reservation-like systems for job opportunities. These countries typically reserve high-paying jobs for citizens, ensuring that citizens do not face competition from expatriate workers who are often hired in large numbers. This policy is intended to promote national economic development and reduce unemployment among nationals.

Comparative Analysis

Reservation systems vary widely in scope and effectiveness across different countries. While some, like those in India and New Zealand, have made significant strides in providing opportunities for historically marginalized groups, others, like those in the United States and Gulf nations, are more focused on economic policies to benefit citizens.

The success of these systems largely depends on the level of enforcement, the quality of education and resources provided, and the overall economic and social context. It's important to note that reservation systems are not without criticism and challenges, such as

Backlash from non-disadvantaged groups Potential corruption and misuse of resources Continued social and economic inequality beyond the stated policies

Conclusion

Reservation systems play a crucial role in addressing historical and ongoing discrimination in various parts of the world. These policies aim to provide equal opportunities and level the playing field for marginalized communities. Despite challenges, the implementation of reservation systems highlights a commitment to social justice and equality.

References

For a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of reservation systems, refer to the following sources:

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