Introduction to Operation Torch and Vichy French Troops' Reaction

Operation Torch, launched on November 8, 1942, saw Allied forces attack three points: Algiers, Oran, and Casablanca. This operation marked a significant point in World War II, but it involved complex dynamics, especially concerning the reaction of Vichy French troops. These troops, bound by the terms of the 1940 Armistice, faced a difficult choice: adhere to their obligations or side with the liberators.

Admiral Darlan's Role and the Initial Confusion

Admiral of the Fleet Fran?ois Darlan, based in Algiers for personal reasons, attempted to seize command of the forces in North Africa. However, an uprising in Algiers led to his arrest, complicating the situation even further. Initial fighting in Algeria ceased rapidly, but in Casablanca, fighting continued until November 10. A naval battle ensued, resulting in the loss of several French vessels.

Admiral Darlan eventually regained his freedom and was able to proclaim himself as the Commander-in-Chief of North Africa. He ordered a ceasefire to General Nogues in Casablanca and instructed all French forces in Northern Africa to rally with the Allies.

The Breach of the 1940 Armistice and German Invasions

This move by Admiral Darlan to rally the French forces to the Allies caused a significant breach of the 1940 Armistice terms. Consequently, the Germans invaded the remaining Free Zone of Metropolitan France and Tunisia, marking a major change in the dynamics of the Allied and Axis forces in the region.

Admiral Darlan's successful recruitment of French Western Africa with its important naval force in Dakar brought about a significant shift in the balance of power. However, his attempts to rally the High Sea Forces in Toulon, naval forces in Alexandria, and the French West Indies were unsuccessful. The High Sea Forces in Toulon were scuttled, meaning destruction to escape capture, when the Germans attempted to seize them on November 27, 1942. The Navies in Alexandria and the French West Indies eventually rallied to the Allies in late spring of 1943.

Initial Resistance in Morocco

Initially, the Vichy French forces in Morocco resisted the Anglo-Allied invasion. Their air force, numbering around 208 aircraft of various types, and fighter squadrons of about 60 planes, included the famous GC II/5 Lafayette. This squadron saw combat with American rivals, claiming ten aircraft shot down with two probables, for a loss of 12 planes.

This resistance in Morocco marked a crucial point in the conflict, as it highlighted the complexities of the situation. Despite being bound by the terms of the 1940 Armistice, the Vichy French troops found themselves fighting both the Germans and Allied forces, thus creating a scenario in which they were divided in their allegiance.

Conclusion

The reaction of the Vichy French troops during Operation Torch is a testament to the complex political and military landscape of World War II. Their resistance in Morocco and their later ralliement to the Allies, facilitated by Admiral Darlan, provide valuable insights into the shifting allegiances and the broader strategic context of the conflict.

Understanding these dynamics is crucial for comprehending the complexities of this period in history. It underscores the challenges faced by Allied forces and the tactical and strategic decisions made to ensure victory against the Axis powers.