Why Didn’t Portugal Join Spain?

Preface: Portugal's historical journey is a tale of resilience and independence. While some may argue that Portugal and Spain were once united, the reality is quite different. This article explores the complex history that has shaped the identity of Portugal, making it a distinct nation from its closest neighbor, Spain.

Origins of Portugal: A Sepuladed South

Portugal’s origins are rooted in the medieval period, specifically in the 1100s, when it emerged as a separate entity from the kingdom of Leon in Spain. While the two regions shared a close relationship, they were never truly one nation. This seceded state eventually became a powerful independent kingdom, teaching Europe about the concept of a nation-state.

Two Major Integrations into Spain

Despite the initial ties with Leon, Portugal found itself integrated into Spain on three distinct occasions. Each of these periods significantly impacted the nation’s history and development.

1. Leon and Later Castilla-Leon

Portugal’s first integration into Spain occurred in the late 1080s when King Alphonse VI of Leon sought to reconquer territories from the Moors. He enlisted the help of Count Henry, a descendant of the Duke of Burgundy. In gratitude, Alphonse VI granted Count Henry two important rewards: the hand of his daughter Theresa of Leon in marriage and the title of "Count of Portucalense" lands. Even with these privileges, Portugal remained a feudal dependency until 1139, when Count Alphonse Henry, with his companion and maternal grandfather, proclaimed his territory an independent state, thus breaking the bond of vassalage.

2. Trastamara vs. Avis Dynasties

The second period of integration lasted from 1383 until 1438, when the Trastamara dynasty recognized the terms of sovereignty granted to Henry's descendants. However, in the late 14th century, King Fernando I died without legitimate male heirs. Consequently, the Burgundy dynasty became extinct, and sovereignty reverted to the Kingdom of Castilla-Leon, represented by Juan I of the Trastamara dynasty. This led to civil unrest, as significant sectors of Portuguese society rejected the Trastamara rule. Juan of Avis, the illegitimate half-brother of Fernando I, led the rebellion and eventually secured the throne, establishing the Avis dynasty.

3. Spanish Habsburg vs. Braganza

The Avis dynasty ruled Portugal until 1578, when King Sebastian I died without male heirs. This led to the extinction of the Avis dynasty and the ascension of the Spanish King Felipe II, who ultimately ruled both Portugal and Spain. In 1640, Portugal rebelled against Spanish rule, leading to a final, independent kingdom. The Duke of Braganza, subsequently crowned as Juan IV of Portugal, ended the long period of Spanish rule in Portugal.

Conclusion: A History of Independence and Resilience

In summary, Portugal's journey to independence was a gradual process, marked by periods of integration and separation from Spain. While it began as a dependency of the Kingdom of Leon, winning its independence in the 12th century, it was briefly subject to Spanish rule in the 14th and 16th centuries. Through resilience and rebellion, Portugal secured its distinct identity and remains an independent nation today.