How Liechtenstein Maintained Neutrality During World War II

Liechtenstein, a small principality nestled between Switzerland and Austria, successfully maintained its neutrality during World War II, aided by its relationship with the larger and more powerful Switzerland, which was also neutral. The country's strategic position and historical background played significant roles in this outcome.

Historical Context and Swiss Alliance

With its army disbanded in the 1860s, Liechtenstein switched from an alliance with Austria to Switzerland. Swiss neutrality was a crucial factor in protecting Liechtenstein from the encroachment of Nazi Germany. Switzerland's political stance, which kept it out of the war, significantly contributed to Liechtenstein's safety on its small territory covered by 61 square miles. Switzerland not only provided a buffer but also acted as a strategic ally, especially during the challenging periods of the war.

Pre-War and Early Neutrality Period

The principality declared its neutrality after the German Confederation came to an end in 1815, following the Congress of Vienna. The Liechtenstein Family was not yet in complete control, but Prince Alois von und zu Liechtenstein first visited in 1818. As Liechtenstein transitioned from a sovereign state to an independent member of the German Confederation, the country's neutrality was respected during both World Wars of the 20th century. In World War I, Liechtenstein did not participate, but economic boycotts from allied countries, particularly due to its close ties with Austria, had a profound impact on Liechtenstein's economy.

Political Leadership and Decision Making

During the lead-up to World War II, changes in Liechtenstein's leadership signaled a response to the geopolitical climate. Prince Franz I of Liechtenstein resigned in 1938 just before Austria's annexation into Greater Germany. Historians believe that his resignation was due to his Jewish wife's safety and the impending risk to the principality. Officially, the Prince cited his age, but the move was clearly strategic, reflecting the political tension and risks during this period.

World War II and Neutral Sovereignty

Liechtenstein maintained its neutrality during World War II but faced some challenges. Poland's seizure of German possessions during the latter part of the war took more than the Liechtenstein Family's land in Bohemia and Moravia. Additionally, citizens of Liechtenstein were barred from entering the newly communist Czechoslovakia, a testament to the changing political landscape.

Liechtenstein's small involvement in the conflict saw its role as a temporary asylum for about five hundred Russian soldiers who had collaborated with the Germans. Sheltering refugees was a risky decision, given the country's limited resources, but finding food for such a large number was feasible. Ultimately, these soldiers were resettled in Argentina, highlighting the nuanced relationships and support networks that existed during the war.

Post-War and Resolution of Historical Disputes

One of the final unresolved issues during the war was the dispute between Liechtenstein and Russia, which was settled in 1996. Russia returned the Liechtenstein Family archives stolen from the castle in 1945, in exchange for the Sokolov Archive. This valuable historical document provides insights into the final days of the Russian monarchy. Prince Hans-Adam's acquisition of the archive at an auction in London underscores the ongoing importance of these historical artifacts for Liechtenstein's heritage.

Conclusion

Liechtenstein's successful maintenance of neutrality during World War II was a testament to its strategic alliances and the principality's long-standing tradition of neutrality. While its geographic and economic vulnerabilities posed challenges, the principality's careful leadership and reliance on Switzerland as a strategic ally ensured its safety. The historical context and the actions taken during the war period reflect the delicate balance of power and the complex geopolitical landscape of the 20th century.