Global Reservation Systems: Understanding the US and Other Nations

Reservation systems, or affirmative action policies, are a global phenomenon designed to ensure equal opportunities and improve representation for marginalized groups in various sectors. These policies have been implemented by several nations, including India, the United States, and others, to address societal inequalities.

How Many Countries Have Reservation Systems?

Reservation systems are not confined to a single country or continent. India is perhaps the most famous for its implementation of a reservation system through the Mandal Commission, which aimed to provide opportunities to historically disadvantaged castes and tribes. However, these policies are also found in other nations around the world, each with distinct approaches and objectives.

The United States as a Case Study

The United States is a significant example of a country with reservation-like policies, known as affirmative action. Traditionally rooted in civil rights legislation, these policies have been implemented in sectors such as employment, education, and government contracts.

The Quota System in the U.S.

Since 2012, the broadcasting industry in the United States has been required to have a diverse cast in free-to-air networks. This includes ensuring that at least one minority character, such as an Asian, Indian, gay individual, or a Black person, is included in a series. Major shows like Arrow, Supergirl, The Big Bang Theory, Suits, and even films like Beauty and the Beast must comply with these regulations. This has resulted in a more diverse representation in US television and film.

In New York City, the law mandates that diversity be prioritized over merit in public sector hiring. An Equal Opportunity Employment Board investigates and enforces firms to hire more minorities, promoting a more equitable workforce. Additionally, 16.9% of federal projects and contracts must be awarded to minority-owned businesses, compared to 7.1% in general tenders. This policy is stricter than what is currently implemented in India, where the percentage is only 7.2% for general tendering.

Surprisingly, universities in some states like Montana have their own quotas for Native American students. This is similar to other countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, South Africa, and Sri Lanka, which have their own policies to provide equal opportunities to marginalized communities.

Comparison with India

While India's reservation system is well-known and widely implemented, it is just one of many countries with similar policies. For instance, Malaysia's Bumiputra Policy aims to provide economic and educational opportunities to the indigenous and other local communities. In the United States, affirmative action policies ensure diversity across all sectors, including the armed forces, government, sports, and education.

Conclusion

The reservation system, or affirmative action, is a response to historical and ongoing social inequalities. While India is a pioneering example, many other countries have adopted similar policies to promote inclusion and diversity. These policies help to ensure that all citizens have equal opportunities to succeed, regardless of their background or identity.