Germany in 1871 vs. World War II: Why Did They Not Occupy France?

The question often arises about why Germany did not occupy France in 1871 as they did during World War II. This difference in approach lies in the historical context, motivations, and political dynamics of each period.

Context of 1871: The Franco-Prussian War and Treaty of Frankfurt

The conflict between the French Empire and the German states, known as the Franco-Prussian War, arose due to longstanding tensions. The war concluded with a decisive German victory, leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. The Treaty of Frankfurt, signed in May 1871, required France to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and pay a large indemnity. However, it did not impose a long-term military occupation.

Germany's Political Strategy in 1871

Germany's aim was to establish its dominance in Europe while avoiding long-term resentment from the French population. A punitive occupation would have fostered resistance and instability, which Germany sought to avoid. Instead, they focused on diplomatic and political solutions to maintain stability and pursue long-term peace.

Context of World War II: Total War and Nazi Ideology

By the time of World War II, the nature of warfare had changed significantly. The conflict was marked by total war, where entire nations and economies were mobilized for the war effort. The Nazis aimed for total domination of Europe, implementing a brutal occupation policy in France to exploit its resources and suppress any resistance. This was part of a broader strategy for racial and territorial expansion.

Military Strategy in 1940

Prior to and during World War II, Germany employed rapid and overwhelming military tactics known as Blitzkrieg. The Blitzkrieg strategy allowed Germany to conquer France quickly in 1940. The occupation was integral to a larger strategy to control Europe and eliminate perceived threats, such as the English Channel, which posed a risk of invasion.

Conclusion

In summary, while Germany's victory in 1871 led to territorial gains and a shift in power dynamics, the approach was more focused on diplomatic and political solutions rather than long-term occupation. In contrast, World War II saw a more aggressive and militaristic strategy aimed at complete domination and control over occupied territories. Bismarck's political acumen and Hitler's megalomaniacal ambitions played significant roles in shaping these differing strategies.

Understanding these differences provides insight into the varied approaches of German leadership in Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Keywords: German Occupation, Franco-Prussian War, World War II, Bismarck, Hitler