Costa Rica's Unusual Journey: 73 Years Without an Army

Costa Rica has maintained its stance as one of the longest-running nations in the world without a standing army. This remarkable 73-year period began in 1949, following the abolition of its military. This decision was driven by a multifaceted combination of historical, political, and social factors that have significantly shaped its identity and international relations.

Abolition of the Army: Historical Background

In 1948, following a civil war, Costa Rica's government took a bold step by abolishing the military. The new constitution of 1949 explicitly prohibited the maintenance of a standing army, effectively marking a new era in the nation's history. This decision not only reshaped Costa Rica's internal governance but also altered its external relations, eschewing the need for military intervention in favor of a more peaceful and diplomatically oriented approach.

Focus on Peace and Stability

The abolition of the army was part of a broader commitment to peace and stability within the country. Costa Rica has consistently prioritized diplomacy over military solutions, fostering a culture of non-violence and conflict resolution. The nation's focus on peace has been instrumental in preventing internal conflicts and promoting social cohesion. As a result, Costa Rica has established itself as a model of peaceful governance, setting a precedent for other nations to follow.

Investment in Social Programs

One of the most significant outcomes of the abolition of the army is the redirection of funds from military expenditures to essential social programs. The government has channeled these resources into education, healthcare, and infrastructure development. This strategic investment has led to higher social indicators and quality of life metrics, contributing to Costa Rica's reputation as a nation with strong social welfare systems.

Democratic Values and Political Stability

Costa Rica has a rich history of democratic traditions, emphasizing political stability and civil liberties. The absence of a military has been a crucial factor in preventing the occurrence of military coups, which have been common in neighboring Central American countries. This commitment to democracy has solidified the nation's reputation as a peaceful and stable democratic state.

International Relations and Neutrality

Costa Rica has maintained a neutral stance in international conflicts and has been actively involved in promoting peace and democracy in the region. Its neutral approach has allowed the country to build strong diplomatic relationships without the need for a military presence. For instance, the Panama Canal, a significant strategic asset, has been subject to surveillance by foreign intelligence services. However, this scrutiny has led to a shift in U.S. policies towards Latin America, promoting a more equitable relationship that has further reinforced Costa Rica's decision to remain without a standing army.

The absence of an army has not only reflected a commitment to peace and democracy but has also distinguished Costa Rica from its neighbors. The nation's peaceful stance can be seen as a model for other countries to follow, emphasizing the importance of social development, education, and healthcare over military might.

It is worth noting that Panama has also joined Costa Rica in not having a standing army, redirecting savings from military expenditures towards educational and healthcare programs. This decision has further solidified the two nations as unique cases in the region.

A Historical Context: The Panama Canal and U.S. Policy Shifts

Events in the 1930s also played a crucial role in shaping Costa Rica's decision to remain without an army. U.S. intelligence noticed that Lufthansa was taking aerial pictures of the Panama Canal, which triggered a significant shift in U.S. policy towards Latin America.

This surveillance led to a great acceleration in the U.S. changing from a sphere of influence imperialist policy towards Latin America to one of equal footing and treatment. As a result, a series of Pan American summits held in Lima, Buenos Aires, and Rio from 1937 to 1947 brought about a pledge for each American state to avoid war against each other, eventually leading to a mutual guarantee and finally a ratified defensive alliance at Rio.

As a small country, Costa Rica no longer needed a standing army. With all likely invaders having guaranteed their independence and unlikely ones being underdogged by their neighbors, the necessity for a military force diminished.

In conclusion, Costa Rica's journey of 73 years without an army is a testament to its commitment to peace, democracy, and social development. The nation's strategic decisions have not only shaped its internal governance but have also played a critical role in its international relations and global standing.