Australias Last Attempt at a Republic: The 1999 Referendum and Its Aftermath

Introduction to the 1999 Referendum

The only attempt in Australia's history to change the Constitution and establish the Commonwealth of Australia as a republic took place on November 6, 1999. This referendum, referred to as the 'Clarence Drive' referendum, sought to remove the role of the Queen and Governor-General, substituting them with a President appointed by a two-thirds majority of the Commonwealth Parliament. However, the referendum was ultimately unsuccessful, with only 39.87% of the population in favor. This article delves into the reasons for the failure of this republicanism bid and the historical context behind it.

Historical Context

Australia's journey towards self-determination began with the formation of the nation, but it was not until the 1990s that a significant push towards a republic gained momentum. The idea of a republic was not new, but it had always been a minority opinion among the Australian public and political class.

The 1999 Referendum

Arguments in Favor

The advocates of a republic in 1999 made several compelling arguments to sway public opinion. They argued that:

International Perception: "What will they think of us overseas?" suggested to the Australian people that the nation would be seen as backward and incapable of governance without a monarch. Inevitability: The phrase "It is inevitable!" was often used with the belief that other countries had already embraced republicanism, so Australia was left behind. National Unity: The call for a republic was linked with the idea of becoming a fully independent nation, which resonated with the sentiment of severing ties with the British monarchy. Historic Opportunity: The argument that standing on the cusp of the 21st century presented a unique chance to redefine Australia's identity.

These arguments, while compelling, failed to garner sufficient support nationally, as well as in every state of Australia.

Failure and Disappointment

The failure of the referendum was not a surprise to all Australians. graphic illustration by Johannes Leak, published in 'The Australian' on September 16, 2022, depicts a republic coffin being carried by three prominent republicans, Thomas Kenneally, Peter FitzSimons, and Malcolm Turnbull, while the crowd is holding up signs that read "God Save the King."

The cartoon highlights the disappointment of the republicans, who have consistently advocated for change but have never secured a majority. Thomas Kenneally, who has been a vocal republican, Peter FitzSimons, a well-known commentator, and Malcolm Turnbull, a former Prime Minister, were the three prominent figures carrying the coffin. The undertones of the cartoon suggest that these individuals, who have dedicated their lives to the cause, are seen as embodying the failure of the republicanism bid.

This failure also underscores the deep-seated attachment many Australians still have to the monarchy and the Commonwealth legacy. The British monarch remains a significant symbol of continuity and national identity for many.

The Future of the Republic in Australia

Although the 1999 referendum was not successful, the push for a republic continues in Australia. Various groups and political parties continue to advocate for a constitutional change, and the issue remains a topic of debate.

Conclusion

The 1999 referendum on Australia becoming a republic is a fascinating case study in the complex relationship between a nation and its constitutional arrangements. Despite the significant push and intense public debate, the measure ultimately failed to gain the necessary support. This underscores the importance of public opinion and the symbolic significance of the British monarchy in Australia.