Animal Selection in Zoological Parks: Origins and Factors

When establishing a zoological park or zoo, the choice of initial animal inhabitants is crucial and can significantly impact the park's mission, success, and reputation. The starting point for an animal collection can be influenced by several factors, including location, pre-existing facilities, space constraints, and the zoo's goals and mission.

Factors Influencing Initial Animal Selection

The decision of what animals to start with is a complex process that depends on various factors. Location plays a critical role, as regulatory frameworks, cultural preferences, and environmental conditions can significantly influence animal choices. For example, zoos in regions with stringent conservation laws might limit their options, while areas with less regulatory oversight may have more flexibility.

The preexisting nature of the facility can also guide initial animal choices. Many zoos start as pet farms, animal rescue centers, or as hobbies, bringing in animals they already care for. In these cases, the choice of animals often reflects the interests and capabilities of the individuals or entities that established the facility. For instance, a bird lover's club converted into a zoo may have started with a variety of birds, as seen in the case of the club-turned-zoo in the United States which began with many birds, though they now represent only roughly 10% of the species.

Space considerations are also vital. Smaller zoos often start with animals that require less space, such as smaller mammals or birds. This strategic choice can help manage resources and ensure the comfort and well-being of the animals.

Initial Animal Collections

Typical starting collections for zoological parks include commonly exhibited species such as big cats, primates, elephants, and birds. These animals are generally more popular among the public and easier to maintain in terms of staffing and resources. However, the process of establishing a zoo can vary widely.

In some instances, a pristine area is declared a conservation area, and then a zoo might be mooted. This approach can bring a diverse range of species to a zoo, but it often depends on the specific regulations and environmental policies in place. For example, the N.E.W. Zoo in Shawano, Wisconsin, initially consisted of a mix of big cats, primates, birds, and even a camel. Over time, their collection evolved and diversified.

In Australia, small marsupials such as kangaroos, lizards, or parrots are common starting points for zoos. These animals are native to the region, making them more suitable and often more easily accessible.

Specialist Zoological Parks

Specialized zoos, such as the King Cobra Sanctuary, focus on specific types of animals and may not start with species unsuitable for their mission. The King Cobra Sanctuary, for example, did not start with hippopotamuses and never kept any. Similarly, rare breeds centers focused on domestic animals are unlikely to start with exotic species such as cobras.

The goals of the zoo further influence initial animal selection. General zoos aim to provide a diverse range of species, often catering to the interests of their visitors. Specialist zoos, on the other hand, focus on specific species groups for conservation and educational purposes. The initial zookeepers' passions and available animals also play a role in determining the initial collection.

Conclusion

The selection of initial animals in zoological parks is a multifaceted process influenced by a range of factors. From regulatory considerations to the individual goals and mission of the zoo, the choice of animals can significantly impact the park's ability to succeed and fulfill its mission. Understanding these factors can help new zoological parks and zoos make informed decisions that benefit both the animals and the public.