Books in black and white
 Main menu Home About us Share a book
 Books Biology Business Chemistry Computers Culture Economics Fiction Games Guide History Management Mathematical Medicine Mental Fitnes Physics Psychology Scince Sport Technics

# Riemannian geometry a beginners guide - Morgan F.

Morgan F. Riemannian geometry a beginners guide - Jones and Bartlett, 1993. - 121 p.
ISBN 0-86720-242-4
Previous << 1 .. 3 4 5 6 7 8 < 9 > 10 11 12 13 14 15 .. 25 >> Next

(2)
INTRINSIC RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY 41
defined in terms of the partial derivatives of the metric and its inverse gij. In particular, covariant differentiation is an intrinsic notion.
In formula (1), the partial derivative gives the first, main term. There are additional terms because the basis vectors themselves are turning.
In both formulas (1) and (2), note how each index i, j, or k on the left occurs in the same position (as a subscript or superscript) on the right. Note how summation runs over the index k or I which appears as both a subscript and a superscript. By these conventions our notation will respect covariance and contravariance.
Some treatments consider covariant differentiation T'* on manifolds without metrics. Covariant differentiation is also called a connection, because by providing for the differentiation of vectorfields it gives some connection between the tangent spaces of S at different points. Our canonical connection which comes from a Riemannian metric (the “Levi-Civita connection”) is symmetric, so the torsion is 0:
T)k = r}*-rjy = o. (3)
The Riemannian curvature is given by the formula
R‘m = -r + r;,.t + X (-r^r„, + r'ln*). (4)
h
The Riemannian curvature is thus intrinsic, because the connection T'fc is intrinsic. Note that each index on the left occurs in the same position on the right and that summation runs over the index h which appears as both a subscript and a superscript.
The old symmetries 5.2(4-6) still hold for the related tensor
Rijki= 2 gihRjki-h
Since Rjki = ^hgihRhjkl,
R’jik — -Rjki, (5)
but in general R{ki + -R)kt. For example, R\kt need not vanish. The first Bianchi identity still holds:
Rjki + Rkij + R'ljk = 0. (6)
The Ricci curvature is given by the formula
= (7)
i
42 CHAPTER 6
and the scalar curvature by the formula
R = lg%,. (8)
The sectional curvature of a plane with orthonormal basis v,w is given by
K(v a w) = X RijkiVlwJvkwl. (9)
i,j,k,l
If S is 2-dimensional, its Gauss curvature is G = R/2.
Note that if g = I to first order at p, then
n* = 0,

Rijki ~ Rjki= ~ rJkl
Rji = 2rU' i
R II M s?
and
K(u am') = S Rljktvlwjvkwl.
Remark. An intrinsic definition of the scalar curvature R at a point p in an m-dimensional surface S could be based on the formula for the volume of a ball of intrinsic radius r about p:
volume = amrm - am R rm+2 + • • •, (10)
6 (m + 2)
where am is the volume of a unit ball in Rm. When m — 2, this formula reduces to 3.7(1). The analogous formula for spheres played a role in R. Schoen’s solution of the Yamabe problem of finding a conformai deformation of a given Riemannian metric to one of constant scalar curvature [Sc, Lemma 2].
6.1. More useful formulas. There are a few more special formulas needed sometimes. The covariant derivative of a general tensor/is given by the formula
INTRINSIC RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY 43
fh - J's = fiv-is -|- Y, F7i 4- . . .
J h...ir\k J i\...ir,k ^ " 1 mkJ ii...ir ^
m
+ 2 ri, -S rs,/*,j,v - ■ • • m
m m
m
Ricci’s lemma says that the covariant derivative of the metric is 0:
g,M = S?* = °- (2)
In general, the mixed partial covariant derivatives of a vector-held X are not equal. Riccis identity gives a very nice formula for the difference in terms of the Riemannian curvature:
X\l,k-X\k.,, = -'LRlHlkX\ (3)
h
Ricci’s identity thus provides an alternative description of the Riemannian curvature as a failure of equality for mixed partials. In intrinsic formulations of Riemannian geometry, Ricci’s identity is sometimes turned into a definition of Riemannian curvature.
6.2. Proofs. There are two ways to prove the intrinsic formulas of Riemannian geometry: either directly from the extrinsic definitions or more intrinsically by exploiting the invariance under changes of coordinates. As an example, we prove the formula for the covariant derivative of a vectorheld both ways and then compare the two methods.
Extrinsic proof of 6.0(1). Consider a differentiable vectorheld
= lxkd-^-k-^-.
i dli1 k,m du dxm
The ordinary partial derivative satishes
^ = (1)
du} i dll1 k,m du} du dxm
by the product rule. To obtain the covariant derivative, we project the derivative onto TPS, the span of xl9 x2,. . . , xm, the column
44 CHAPTER 6
space or range of the matrix
A =
It is a well-known fact from linear algebra that the projection matrix
(A is generally not square, but A'A is square and invertible.)
In (1), the first summation over i already lies in TPS. We consider the second summation over k, m. To get the coefficient of d/dxn in the projection, we multiply the coefficient of dldxm in (1) by the n,m-entry of P = Ag^A*, which is
Notice how at the final steps we passed from extrinsic quantities xjk to the intrinsic grStt.
Invariance proof of 6.0(1). In this method of proof, we first check the formula in coordinates for which g = I to first order at p and then check that the formula is invariant under changes of coordinates.
If g = / to first order, 6.0(1) says that X\j = X\j, which we accept after a few moments’ reflection.
Previous << 1 .. 3 4 5 6 7 8 < 9 > 10 11 12 13 14 15 .. 25 >> Next